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First formulated in the late 19th century by Austrian physicist and mathematician Ludwig Boltzmann, this principle remains ...

Abstract: With its inherent causal reasoning and superior capacity for handling uncertainty, the belief rule base (BRB) has been widely applied in complex systems modeling. As a generalization of ...

Abstract: Proof of Work (PoW) is a fundamental and widely adopted consensus mechanism in blockchain systems that enables effective consensus in permissionless environments, solely through block ...